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Priyanka Singh , Meenakshi Bajpai , Om Prakash , Ritu Tiwari , S. C. Mathur , R. M. Singh , G. N. Singh

Abstract

Objective: To develop a simple, precise and quantitative High Performance Thin Layer Chromatographic (HPTLC) method for the determination of cinnamaldehyde in Cinnnamomum zeylanicum bark powder. Materials and Method: Cinnamaldehyde content of bark powder of Cinnnamomum zeylanicum, were determined using mobile phase, Toluene: Ethyl acetate: Formic acid, 19:1:0.1 (v/v). Instrument with Camag Linomat V and Camag TLC Scanner 3 was used. Results: HPTLC method was developed for the determination of cinnamaldehyde by scanning the plates at 295nm. Conclusion: Proposed HPTLC method was simple, accurate, precise, economic and can be utilized for the routine analysis and quantitative determination of cinnamaldehyde from C. zeylanicum.

Keywords

Cinnnamomum zeylanicum, Cinnamaldehyde, Camag TLC Scanner 3, Camag Linomat V

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D. K. Singh ¹, R. M. Singh ², K. V. R. Rao ³

Affiliations
1 Division of Crop Production, Indian Institute of Vegetable Research, Varanasi U.P., IN
2 Department of Farm Engineering, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi U.P., IN
3 Irrigation and Drainage Engineering Division, Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Bhopal M.P., IN

Abstract

Sustainable and increased agricultural productivity emphasize judicious use of water and nutrients accompanied by other factors. This can be achieved by application of water and nutrients through drip fertigation, which is the most advanced and efficient practice of fertilizer application. It has to follow appropriate management strategies to get maximum benefit, which become easy through automatic operation system. Therefore, an automated drip fertigation system was installed in mango (Mangifera indica L.) and guava (Psidium guajava L.) orchards at the farm of Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh. Irrigation and fertilizers were provided to mango and guava as per crop water requirement and scheduling. The mean fruit yield of guava under automated drip fertigation system was found to be 10.29-13.07 tonnes/ha and increased by 27.03 per cent during the period from 2007-08 to 2009-10. It increased significantly from 15.6 per cent to 23.7 per cent over conventional system during the same period. The pulp content of guava varied between 95.4 - 95.5 per cent and was higher by 1.38-1.60 per cent as compared to conventional system. The mean fruit yield of mango was 8.00-12.80 tonnes/ha and increased to 60.0 per cent under automated drip fertigation. The mean fruit yield of mango significantly increased from 17.6 to 23.1per cent over conventional practices. The pulp content of mango under automated drip fertigation ranged between 74.5 to 74.6 per cent being 3.33-3.47 per cent higher than conventional system during the study period. Total cost of cultivation through automated drip fertigation varied from Rs.1,56,383- Rs.12,17,913 and Rs. 1,73, 775- Rs. 15,65,774 for guava and mango, respectively for one to 20 hectare area. The benefit cost ratio for mango and guava orchard reached 1.45 and 2.20 for 20 hectare area, respectively. This study indicated that automated drip fertigation system could be techno-economically feasible for use in 5-20 hectares of mango and 3-20 hectares of guava.

Keywords

Mango, Guava, Automated Drip Fertigation, Increased Yield, Techno-economic Feasibility, Benefit Cost Ratio

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D. K. Singh ¹, R. M. Singh ²

Affiliations
1 Division of Soil and Water Conservation Engineering, Indian Institute of Vegetable Research, Shahanshahpur, Varanasi U.P., IN
2 Department of Farm Engineer ing, Inst itute of Agricultural Sciences Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi U.P., IN

Abstract

Worldwide 10-50 per cent of irrigated agriculture is facing problems of waterlogging and soil salinity which cause loss of around 1.5 million hectare land annually. The problems of alkalinity and salinity coupled with waterlogging affect about 7.3 million hectares land in India, which reduce agricultural productivity. At the same time agriculture is facing increase in water demand at 2.4 per cent annually during 2005 -2030 as well as reducing share of water due to competing demand from industry and urbanizations. Therefore, to fulfill food and nutritional security of nation on sustained basis, both salt affected soils and waters need to be managed using appropriate techniques. Techniques for controlling salinity that require relatively minor changes are more frequent irrigations, selection of more salt-tolerant crops, additional leaching, residue management, chemical amendments, pre-plant irrigation, bed forming and seed placement. These require significant changes in management such as, changing the irrigation method, altering the water supply, land-leveling, modifying the soil profile, and installing surface as well as subsurface drainage. Where possible, furrow planting may help in obtaining better stands and crop yields under saline conditions. Studies have shown that yield obtained by the drip method with saline water was almost equal to that produced when the high quality water was applied by this method. Therefore, improved agricultural production and water productivity on sustained basis could be realized by application of techniques to manage salt affected soils and waters.

Keywords

Soil Salinity, Salt Tolerance, Seed Placement, Leaching, Bio-drainage, Surface And Subsurface Drainage, Water Management

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Mahendra P. Singh ¹, R. M. Singh ¹, D. Chandra ²

Affiliations
1 Department of Geology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221 005, IN
2 Department of Applied Geology, Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad, IN

Abstract

Scanning Electron Micrography of the Jharia Coals has been attempted with a view to decipher the enigmatic microstructural features and diversities in distribution of mineral matter in the banded constituents and coal. A wide variation has been observed in the distribution of mineral matter in coal lithotypes. The mineral matter is most abundant in durain; abundant in c1arain and dull clarain, less abundant in bright clarain and vitrain; and rare in fusain. The order of abundance of the mineral matter may be put as; Durain > Dull Clarain > Clarain > Bright Clarain > Vitrain > Fusain.

The microstructural relation of mineral. matter with coaly substances reveals that in durain and elarain, mineral matter is associated as massive impregnation, superficial infilling of micropores and filling of cavities. In vitrain, this occurs mainly iS superficial inlilling of pores, superficial mountings, and in and around cavities. In c1arain mineral matter is mainly confined to dull bands, while bright bands contain sporadic mineral matter. Fusain is almost devoid of inorganic contamination. At places, however, mineral matter is observed filling the cavities of cell fibres and cell lumina.

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Mahendra P. Singh ¹, R. M. Singh ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Geology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221 005, IN

Abstract

Heavy mineral analyses of Talchir, Barakar and Kamthi sediments (Lower Gondwana) have been carried out with a view to elucidate their distribution, relative abundance, nature and behaviour. The heavy mineral separates show the presence of garnet, zircon, tourmaline, rutile, epidote, staurolite, chlorite, kyanite and opaques-including ilmenite, magnetite and hematite. It is inferred that the Talchir sediments are mainly the disintegrated products of high-rank metamorphic terrains, granitic plutons and pegmatitic veins. The heavy mineral associations of Barakar and Kamthi sediments reflect the dominance of basic and acidic igneous plutons together with the possibility of pegmatitic veins in the source area.

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P. K. Saini ¹, C. L. Jain ², R. M. Singh ¹, S. C. Mathur ¹, G. N. Singh ¹

Affiliations
1 Research and Development Division, Central Indian Pharmacopoeia Laboratory, Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission, Govt. of India, Ministry of Health & FamilyWelfare, Sector-23, Rajnagar, Ghaziabad-201002, IN
2 Department of Chemistry, M. M. H. College, Ghaziabad (U.P.), IN

Abstract

A high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method has been developed for the determination of Artemisinin in Artemisia annua Herb. The HPLC separation was carried out in isocratic mode using C18, sunfire column (4.6 × 250 mm, 5 μm particle size) with a mobile phase composed of acetonitrile : water (85:15 v/v) at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min. The detection was monitored at 216 nm. The method validation parameters showed good results for linearity, precision, accuracy, specificity, and in recovery studies. The calibration curve for Artemisinin was found linear from the range of 500 to 1200 μg/ml. The interday and intraday studies (relative standard deviation) was obtained within the limits. The proposed HPLC method is precise, accurate and rapid for determination of Artemisinin in Artemisia annua Herb.

Keywords

Artemisinin, HPLC, Artemisia Annua Herb.

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P. K. Saini ¹, C. L. Jain ², R. M. Singh ¹, S. C. Mathur ¹, G. N. Singh ¹, M. Naslam ³

Affiliations
1 Research and Development Division, Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission, Govt. of India, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Sector-23, Rajnagar, Ghaziabad-201002, IN
2 Department of Chemistry, M. M. H. College, Ghaziabad (U.P.), IN
3 Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi- 110 062, IN

Abstract

A simple, sensitive, precise and rapid high performance thin layer chromatographic (HPTLC) method has been developed for the quantitative estimation of abacavir sulphate and lamivudine in tablet dosage form. Abacavir sulphate and lamivudine were chromatographed on silica Gel 60 GF-254 TLC plate. The solvent system selected was methanol:acetone:n-butyl acetate in the ratio of 1:1:2 (v/v/v) and scanning was carried out in the absorbance mode at 284 nm. The spots were found compact for abacavir sulphate with Rf value of 0.58 and for lamivudine with Rf value of 0.35. Linearity of abacavir sulphate and lamivudine were in the range of 240-1200 ng/spot and 120-600 ng/spot, respectively with acceptable value of correlation coefficient. The method was validated for accuracy, precision, robustness and recovery studies. The limit of detection and quantification for abacavir sulphate were obtained 0.691 and 2.093 ng/spot, respectively, while for lamivudine 1.114 and 3.376 ng/spot, respectively. The suitability of this HPTLC method for quantitative determination of abacavir sulphate and lamivudine was proved by validation in accordance with the ICH guidelines. The developed method can be successfully applied in the routine analysis of commercial pharmaceutical tablets.

Keywords

Abacavir Sulphate, Lamivudine, HPTLC, Method Development and Validation.

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P. K. Saini ¹, R. M. Singh ¹, C. L. Jain ², S. C. Mathur ¹, G. N. Singh ¹

Affiliations
1 Research and Development Division, Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission, Govt. of India, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Sector-23, Rajnagar, Ghaziabad-201002, (U.P.), IN
2 Department of Chemistry, M. M. H. College Ghaziabad-201001, (U.P.), IN

Abstract

A simple, precise, rapid, accurate and economic high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method has been developed for the estimation of Efavirenz in bulk and its tablet dosage forms. A sunfire C₁₈ column was used for the determination of efavirenz using methanol and acetonitrile as mobile phase in the ratio of 7:3 v/v, at ambient temperature and the detector was set at 249 nm. The Linearity of efavirenz was found in the range of 10-400 μg/ml with acceptable value of correlation coefficient 0.9997. The method was validated for accuracy, precision, robustness and recovery studies. The recovery of the drug was found to be 99.89%, relative standard deviation was found to be less than 2% for precession studies and method was found to be robust with the varying condition of flow rate (±10%), wavelength of detection (±5nm), column oven temperature (±5°C). The suitability of the developed HPLC method for quantitative determination of efavirenz was proved by validation in accordance with the ICH guidelines. The developed method can be successfully applied in the routine analysis of commercial pharmaceutical tablets.

Keywords

Efavirenz, HPLC, Method Development and Validation.

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A. Chauhan ¹, P. K. Arora ², A. Yadav ², R. M. Singh ², D. K. Sharma ², S. C. Mathur ², G. N. Singh ²

Affiliations
1 Indian Pharmacopoeial Laboratory, Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Govt, of India, Sector -23, Rajnagar, Ghaziabad - 201002, IN
2 Indian Pharmacopoeial Laboratory, Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Govt, of India, Sector -23, Rajnagar, Ghaziabad- 201002, IN

Abstract

A simple, selective, precise and sensitive high performance thin-layer chromatographic (HPTLC) method has been developed and validated for the analysis of ondansetron hydrochloride both in bulk drug and in tablet dosage forms. The separation was performed on pre-coated silica gel 60 GF²⁵⁴ plates using methanol:triethylamine:glacial acetic acid (9.5:0.5:0.1, v/v/v) as mobile phase. Densitometric analysis was performed in reflectance-absorbance mode at 309 nm. The linear regression analysis data for the calibration plot showed good linear relationship with R² = 0.998 ± 0.00047 in the range of 300-1100 ng spot^-1. The minimum amount of ondansetron hydrochloride that could be detected and quantified was 54.60 and 165.46 ng spot^-1 respectively. The mean retardation factor (R_f) for ondansetron hydrochloride was found to be 0.77 ± 0.01. The developed method was validated according to International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines for specificity, linearity, range, accuracy, precision, detection limit, quantitation limit and robustness etc.

Keywords

Ondansetron Hydrochloride, HPTLC, Method Validation.

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Saswat Kumar Kar ¹, T. Thomas ², R. M. Singh ¹, Lokesh Patel ³

Affiliations
1 Department of Farm Engineering, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi - 221 005, IN
2 Ganga Plains South Regional Centre, National Institute of Hydrology, Bhopal 462 016, IN
3 Ganga Plains South Regional Centre, National Institute of Hydrology, Bhopal - 462 016, IN

Abstract

The present study has integrated both spatially and temporally varying drought vulnerability factors to develop an integrated drought vulnerability map for Dhasan basin. A drought vulnerability index is used to classify the study area into different vulnerability zones. From the drought vulnerability assessment for the study area during July 2002, it was observed that the northeast, northwest and extreme southern part of the basin (20% area) was under critical vulnerability condition whereas the southwest and central part of the basin (79.9% area) was under high vulnerability condition. The critical drought vulnerability condition existed in Dhamoni, Pidaruwa, Sagar, Patharia Hat, Chhapri, Baroda Sagar and Singtoni region, whereas high vulnerability condition existed in the remaining parts of the study area. The integrated drought vulnerability approach gives superior result for drought assessment as compared to vulnerability assessment by considering the individual factors for the study area.

Keywords

Drought Characteristics, Drought Indicators, Drought Vulnerability.

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Saswat Kumar Kar ¹, Suresh Kumar ², M. Sankar ³, S. Patra ³, R. M. Singh ⁴, S. S. Shrimali ³, P. R. Ojasvi ³

Affiliations
1 ICAR-Indian Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Dehradun 248 195, India; Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221 005, IN
2 Indian Institute of Remote Sensing, Indian Space Research Organization, Dehradun 248 001, IN
3 ICAR-Indian Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Dehradun 248 195, IN
4 Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221 005, IN

Abstract

The conservation and sustainability of natural resources, particularly soil and water, are crucial for agricultural yield and livelihood. Soil erosion models simulate the influence of existing farm management patterns as well as soil conservation interventions affecting soil erosion rates and accordingly recommend appropriate management techniques. The erosion models might be helpful for forecasting soil erosion, sediment load and evaluating the effectiveness of conservation measures. Although numerous empirical, conceptual or physical process-based models are used to study soil erosion, they differ in respect of input data requirements, representation of physical processes, sediment yield, and limitations due to their spatial and temporal variations. Due to limitations in empirical models in describing the erosion process, some pro­cess-based models may be used to quantify the state of soil erosion in a region. Before use, the available erosion models must be evaluated and validated for local circumstances. In this respect, the present study has been carried out to provide a critical review of various soil erosion models used worldwide, having different climatic parameters for determining soil erosion rate, run-off and sediment yield status.

Keywords

Conservation measures, natural resources, process-based models, run-off, sediment yield, soil erosion.

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Liansangpuii ¹, Ramesh Singh ², R. M. Singh ¹, K. N. Singh ³, S. K. Kar ⁴

Affiliations
1 Department of Farm Engineering, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221 005, IN
2 ICRISAT Development Centre, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru 502 324, IN
3 Department of Soil and Water Engineering, IGKV, Raipur 492 012, IN
4 Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Indian Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Dehradun 248 001, IN

Abstract

Water harvesting is a critical component of any approach to alleviating India’s water crisis. Traditional rainwater harvesting systems are found in every region of the country. Haveli is one such system found in almost every village in the Bundelkhand region, Uttar Pradesh, India. A defunct Haveli in the Parasai–Sindh watershed of Jhansi district, Uttar Pradesh, was rejuvenated by providing a cement concrete core wall to the earthen embankment to address the problem of breaching, and the existing outlet was also expanded. This study was conducted from 2013 to 2019 to analyse the hydrology of the rejuvenated Haveli and to understand its impact on surface-water availability and recharging groundwater. The study period was divided based on long-term southwest monsoon (SWM) as wet (SWM > 20%), normal (SWM ± 20%) and dry (SWM < 20%) years. It was found that the Haveli could harvest about 1.91–2.0 times, 1.13–1.72 times and 0.2 times its capacity during a wet, normal and dry year, respectively. There was a 1.41 m difference in hydraulic head between pre- and post-Haveli rejuvenation in a wet year, whereas, a normal year, the difference was 2.71 m.

Keywords

Groundwater Resources, Hydrological Assessment, Southwest Monsoon, Traditional Rainwater Harvesting Structure, Water Scarcity.

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